Presence of Mycobacterium leprae DNA and PGL-1 antigen in household contacts of leprosy patients from a hyperendemic area in Brazil.

Leprosy is a highly infectious disease endemic to underdeveloped countries. In Maranhão State, Northeastern Brazil, the hyperendemic rate of 56.11 cases/100,000 inhabitants increased the necessity of better understanding the epidemiological profile of this population, particularly regarding efficient methods for evaluating individuals residing with diagnosed patients to understand disease transmission and the risk of infection. In this study, we examined the percentage of contacts with positive indices for Mycobacterium leprae DNA and phenol-glycolipid-1 antigen (PGL-1). PGL-1 was analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the ML-Flow test, and polymerase chain reaction of oral and nasal secretions of 808 leprosy contacts from Maranhão. PGL-1 was detected in 14.0% of patients and differed by operational classification of the index case (P < 0.05). Seropositive results of ML-Flow were 15.0% and identified individuals with and without Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine scars. Molecular diagnosis detected M. leprae DNA in 5.6% of oral samples and 4.6% of nasal tissues, and 87% of subjects resided with high bacillary load patients. This study reinforces the efficacy of combining molecular and serological techniques to identify potential bacillus carriers in the asymptomatic stage of infection, such as in household contacts, highlighting the importance of these meth-ods for monitoring hyperendemic populations.

Antimutagenic action of the triterpene betulinic acid isolated from Scoparia dulcis (Scrophulariaceae).

The mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of triterpene betulinic acid {3b-3-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic} isolated from the roots of Scoparia dulcis (Scrophulariaceae) were analyzed using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in the wings of Drosophila melanogaster. The mutagenic potential of betulinic acid was evaluated at 3 different concentrations (1.64, 3.28, and 6.57 mM). Antimutagenic activity evaluation was performed by co-treatment trials in which the flies received betulinic acid at 3 different concentrations in addition to 10 mM pro-mutagenic urethane. The results demonstrated that betulinic acid was not capable of causing DNA damage. However, the frequency of small single spots, large spots, and twin spots was significantly reduced. In the high bioactivation cross, betulinic acid was significantly active and exerted enhanced antimutagenic activity, possibly as a desmutagen.

Protective effects of the antileishmanial extract of Tephrosia cinerea (L.) Pers. (Fabaceae) against cyclophosphamide-induced damage.

Tephrosia cinerea L. (Pers.) is a tropical species that exhibits antileishmanial activity in Leishmania amazonensis promastigote cultures and is commonly used to treat infections, inflammations, ulcers, nervous conditions, and diarrhea. However, no studies have investigated its effects on genetic material. Therefore, we evaluated the genotoxic potential, antigenotoxic potential, and cytotoxic effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of T. cinerea leaves. In an in vitro genotoxicity study, human peripheral blood leukocytes were treated for 3, 24 (comet assay), or 48 h (cell death assay) with 22, 44, or 88 µg/mL plant extract. In the in vivo assay, Swiss mice were treated with 500, 1000, or 2000 mg extract/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection and were evaluated 24 h later. Antigenotoxicity was investigated in pre- and post-treatment assays in which the animals received the plant extract (2000 mg/kg) 24 h before or after receiving cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg), respectively. The extract had no genotoxic effects in the in vitro or in vivo assays. However, the extract reduced apoptotic cell death and induced necrotic cell death at concentrations that presented leishmanicidal activity in vitro. The extract also had an antigenotoxic effect, reducing the levels of genomic damage that were caused by cyclophosphamide in Swiss mice by more than 80%.

3p partial trisomy and 13q partial monosomy with congenital malformations and psychomotor developmental delay.

We examined a girl presenting neuropsychomotor developmental delay and multiple malformations including antenatal and postnatal growth retardation, congenital heart defect, and facial dysmorphisms. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes with the GTG-banding technique, which revealed an unbalanced translocation: 46,XX,der(13)(13pter→13q34::3p24→3pter)pat. Karyotype analysis of the father demonstrated a balanced translocation, 46,XY,t(3;13)(p24;q34), indicating the inheritance of the derivative chromosome 13. The mother karyotype was normal. We suggest that most of the structural malformations seen in this patient are due to the 3p trisomy, while the neuropsychomotor alterations are a consequence of both chromosome aberrations.

Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of antileishmanial extract from Julocroton triqueter (Euphorbiaceae).

Julocroton triqueter extracts have antileishmanial activity; however, the effect on genetic stability has not been studied. We evaluated genotoxic and cell death induction potential (in vitro and in vivo) of J. triqueter var. triqueter hydroalcoholic extracts, as well as their antigenotoxic potential in vivo. The in vitro genotoxic studies were performed using human leukocytes at four different concentrations. For the in vivo tests, Swiss mice were treated with 125, 250 or 500 mg/kg of extract injected intraperitoneally. Antigenotoxic effects of the extract were measured before and after cyclophosphamide treatment. An absence of genotoxic effects was observed both in vitro and in vivo. In the antigenotoxic studies, no significant difference was observed between the treatments and the positive control, indicating that the extracts did not protect against damage caused by cyclophosphamide. Hydroalcoholic extracts of J. triqueter did not provoke DNA damage at concentrations and doses normally used for antileishmanial treatment; however, they reduced apoptotic cell death and induced necrotic cell death.

Genetic differentiation in natural populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) (Diptera: Psychodidae) with different phenotypic spot patterns on tergites in males.

Entomological surveys in the state of Maranhão have recorded morphologically distinct populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva). Some populations have one pair of spots (1S) on the fourth tergite, while others have two pairs (2S) on the third and fourth tergites of males. In the present study we investigated the degree of genetic polymorphism among four populations in the municipalities of Caxias, Codó and Raposa, in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, by using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers. A total of 35 loci were identified, of which 30 were polymorphic. The highest polymorphism was observed with primer OPA 4, which produced 11 different profiles. Genetic diversity was assessed using grouping methods that produced a dendrogram in which the genotypes could be clearly separated into two main clades according to the number of spots on the male abdominal tergites. One cluster contained the populations from Caxias and Codó, and the other was formed by the populations from Raposa and Codó. The results of our RAPD analysis showed a clear separation between the populations with one and two pairs of spots. The epidemiologic significance of this genetic differentiation should be investigated in future studies.

Caracterização molecular do vírus da raiva isolado de Desmodus rotundus capturados no Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Molecular characterization of rabies virus isolated from Desmodus rotundus captured in Rio de Janeiro State

Caracterizou-se filogeneticamente o vírus da raiva, isolado de morcegos hematógafos (Demodus rotundus). Cento e noventa e nove D. rotundus foram capturados em cinco abrigos, no Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e sul do Espírito Santo. Sete deles foram positivos para a raiva. Amostras desses vírus foram sequenciadas e comparadas com sequências provenientes de diversos estados brasileiros. As sequências de vírus da raiva isoladas, na região norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, mostraram características que as distinguem de amostras de vírus isoladas em outras regiões do país, no entanto foram idênticas às isoladas de bovinos no noroeste do Rio de Janeiro.

Rabies samples isolated from vampire bats captured in the Rio de Janeiro State were phylogenetically analyzed. One hundred and ninety nine vampire bats were captured from five shelters from North and Northwest of Rio de Janeiro and South of Espírito Santo States. Seven of them were positive for rabies. Theses samples were sequenced and compared with rabies virus sequences from several Brazilian states. The sequences of rabies virus, isolated in the present work, from North of Rio de Janeiro State, showed characteristics that differ of the sequences isolated from bats from other Brazilian regions. However, they were identical to samples isolated from cattle in Northwest of Rio de Janeiro state.

FISH, PCR and cytogenetic characterization in a girl with ambiguous genitalia and karyotype mos46,X,iso(Y)(qter-->p11.3::p11.3-->qter)[80]/45,X[17]/46,X,+mar[3].

A cytogenetic study was carried out in a girl with virilized external genitalia, who showed a karyotype containing a Y isochromosome in mosaic form: mos46,X,iso(Y)(qter-->p11.3::p11.3-->qter)[80]/45,X[17]/46,X,+mar[3]. The chromosome aberrations were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, with both whole chromosome paint Y probe and centromeric X chromosome probe. The molecular analyses by PCR detected the presence of the SRY, DAZ and AMGY genes, confirming the presence of the whole long arm and almost whole short arm of the Y chromosome. We suggest that the structural alteration of the Y chromosome was a new mutation, which occurred in the initial mitotic divisions of the embryo, originally 46,XY. The breakpoints occurred on the distal extremity of the short arm with later fusion of its extremities producing a Y isochromosome. The later numerical alteration occurred as a consequence of chromosomal instability. Although almost all cells (80%) in peripheral blood belonged to the iso(Y) line with a duplicated SRY gene, this did not determine male sexual differentiation in the patient. The result of accurate evaluation provides correct sex assignment and the prevention of the neoplastic degeneration of a dysgenetic gonad.

Association between a new 3q;5q chromosomal translocation and dystrophy of human retinal pigment epithelium.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of inherited retinal degeneration. This group of disorders essentially leads to blindness due to mutations in different genes. The genetic basis affected by sporadic and inherited autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked mutations is complex. In humans, RP is in most cases associated with missense mutations in the rhodopsin gene (RHO). RHO plays an important role in phototransduction pathways. So far, few studies have described associations between chromosomal alterations and RP. In this study, we present a case report of a premature, 32-week-old male baby who suffered from retinopathy, facial dysmorphisms and other disorders. His chromosomes were analyzed by conventional and high-resolution chromosomal techniques. This analysis revealed structural aberrations on chromosomes 3 and 5 with an apparently balanced chromosomal translocation with karyotype 46,XY,t(3;5)(q25;q11.2). Remarkably, the 3q breakpoint on the long arm of chromosome 3 is located close to the physical RHO chromosomal gene location. In this study, we describe presumably for the first time a possible association between a 3q;5q chromosomal alteration and RP. We conclude that the new detected chromosomal translocation may lead either to loss or inactivation of the intragenic RHO gene or its respective gene regulatory region. As a consequence, the chromosomal aberration may be responsible for retinitis pigmentosa.

Association between a new 3q; 5q chromosomal translocation and dystrophy of human retinal pigment epithelium

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of inherited retinal degeneration. This group of disorders essentially leads to blindness due to mutations in different genes. The genetic basis affected by sporadic and inherited autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked mutations is complex. In humans, RP is in most cases associated with missense mutations in the rhodopsin gene (RHO). RHO plays an important role in phototransduction pathways. So far, few studies have described associations between chromosomal alterations and RP. In this study, we present a case report of a premature, 32-week-old male baby who suffered from retinopathy, facial dysmorphisms and other disorders. His chromosomes were analyzed by conventional and high-resolution chromosomal techniques. This analysis revealed structural aberrations on chromosomes 3 and 5 with an apparently balanced chromosomal translocation with karyotype 46,XY,t(3;5)(q25;q11.2). Remarkably, the 3q breakpoint on the long arm of chromosome 3 is located close to the physical RHO chromosomal gene location. In this study, we describe presumably for the first time a possible association between a 3q;5q chromosomal alteration and RP. We conclude that the new detected chromosomal translocation may lead either to loss or inactivation of the intragenic RHO gene or its respective gene regulatory region. As a consequence, the chromosomal aberration may be responsible for retinitis pigmentosa.

Western blot detection of infectious bursal disease virus infection

In order to evaluate the use of a Western blot methodology for the diagnosis of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, chickens were experimentally infected with IBDV strains and tested for the presence of viral antigens and antibodies by a blocking Western blot test (bWB). The viral proteins obtained from the bursa of Fabricius (BF) were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the chicken sera obtained by heart puncture were used for the detection of these proteins. In order to eliminate nonspecific reactions, we used a rabbit anti-chicken serum (blocking tool). By the use of the bWB test, two distinct viral proteins of 43-kDa (VP2) and 32-kDa (VP3) were detected. We suggest the use of this methodology for the detection of IBDV infection in animals suspected of having IBDV reinfection and a chronic subclinical form of the disease. With the use of the rabbit anti-chicken sera for blocking, this method is practical, sensitive and less time consuming.